Over 3 Million Years Ago...

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Discovery Pushes Human Tool Use Back 800,000 Years

ethiopia-human-ancestor-bones-cut-marks-100811-02.jpg

Scientists noticed two parallel cut marks made by stone tools cutting into tissues on the rib of a cow-sized or larger ungulate, suggesting our human ancestors were ripping meat from the bones. Credit: Dikika Research Project.
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The timeline of early human evolution needs another revision with the discovery that human ancestors used tools 800,000 years earlier than previously realized.

The finding in Ethiopia, a pair of mammalian fossil bones marred by tool marks, pushes tool use back into the age of Australopithecus afarensis, an early human ancestor that lived in east Africa 3 million to 4 million years ago.

Archaeologists previously believed that early human ancestors, or hominins, started using tools 2.5 million years ago. That's when evidence shows one of the first Homo species, Homo habilis, began butchering meat with sharpened stones. (Our species, Homo sapiens, didn't show up until about 200,000 years ago.) But the new find is approximately 3.39 million years old, older than the famous Australopithecus fossil "Lucy," who lived near the find site 3.2 million years ago.

As far as scientists know, no other human ancestors lived in the area at that time, the researchers report today in the journal Nature, which means that Lucy and her relatives were likely responsible for slashing and crushing the bones to remove meat and marrow.

"It's never been shown before that Lucy used stone tools, and it's never been shown before that Lucy ate meat," said Shannon McPherron, an archaeologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, who discovered the new fossils. "We've moved back these critical behaviors."

Handy ancestors

Pinning down the emergence of stone tools and meat-eating is key for understanding our evolutionary history, the researchers said. Until now, the use of tools seemed linked to an increase in brain size in hominins, prompting theories that the extra calories from butchered meat fed our ancestors' growing brains. The realization that both meat-eating and tool use significantly predate the Homo genus could force another look at those theories.

"There had long been an association between tool use and our genus," said David Braun, an archaeologist at the University of Cape Town, who was not involved in the research but penned a commentary on the findings in Nature. "That doesn't seem to be the case anymore."

McPherron discovered the fossils in January 2009 while working at a dig site in Dikika, a dry, dusty area in northeastern Ethiopia. Both are bone fragments, one from the right rib of a cow-sized hoofed mammal, and one from the leg of a similar mammal, this one the size of a goat. Immediately, McPherron noticed cut marks and crushed areas on the bones, as if something had sliced and hit them with a stone.

"We immediately knew that this was something important," McPherron told LiveScience.

The research team analyzed the fossils using a scanning electron microscope to get a close look at the bone surface. They also used a technique called energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry to determine the chemical characteristics of the fossil bones. They found that the marks were made before fossilization and that they matched the expected patterns for cut marks by a stone tool. One of the marks even had a tiny chip of stone embedded in it, likely all that remains of some ancient Australopithecine toolkit.

The researchers determined the age of the bones based on Dikika's geology. All of the fossils in this area are between two volcanic layers, one known to be 3.24 million years old and one known to be 3.42 million years old. By dating the layers of sediment between the volcanic deposits, the researchers determined that the fossils are probably 3.39 million years old.

Tool makers or just tool users?

The archaeologists haven't found any actual tools, so they can't know whether Australopithecus was making stone tools or just picking up conveniently shaped rocks off the ground. But it's likely that the tool use required some planning: Most of the stones found in Dikika from this time period are small pebbles, McPherron said. The nearest contemporary outcrops of large, sharp stones would likely have been several miles away.

"It suggests that early human ancestors were actually transporting rocks around the landscape pretty long distances, which means they could have been actively seeking out this resource," Braun said. "That kind of transport pattern is something we don't see amongst chimpanzees or other primates [today]."

Because no other evidence of tool use during this era has been found, using stones to butcher meat may have been a rare behavior among Australopithecus afarensis, McPherron said. The researchers plan to continue searching for hints of tool use and for evidence that Australopithecus made its own tools.

"It potentially opens up a new period in human evolution where our ancestors were experimenting with stone tools, laying the foundation for the development we see at around 2.5 million years ago," he said.
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http://www.livescience.com/history/human-ancestors-lucy-tool-use-100811.html

Kinda interesting if true. Either way seems scary we've somewhat been around that long. Also seems like a such a long time!
 
Seems like evolution was extremely slow for the last 3.something million years. Only in the last few hundred years have humans really began to evolve very fast in terms of knowledge and technology.

Physically however, we haven't changed all that much in the last few thousand years.
 
I am curious about really old historical buildings that have doorways built for hobbits - like 5 feet tall. What's the story on that? That was only like two hundred fifty years ago.
 
VirusType2 said:
I am curious about really old historical buildings that have doorways built for hobbits - like 5 feet tall. What's the story on that? That was only like two hundred fifty years ago.
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really?? never heard anything about that. I did watch a documentary about short people in a remote village though. They live and breed to this day
 
Yeah, if you ever visit one of the colonial buildings, for example, James Madison or George Washington's house, there are ****ing ridiculous 4 and 5 foot doorways (as I remember it anyway). How tall where they, did they just duck or where they a bit short?

Note: I can't say for sure the door height specifically at J. Madison/G.Washington's ex-home, I'm saying for example - from that time period.


I remember being on a field trip to colonial Williamsburg (Virginia) as a child - I may have got the answer to my question long ago, but I forgot. I think I remember visiting Pennsylvania as well.
 
AKIRA said:
Seems like evolution was extremely slow for the last 3.something million years. Only in the last few hundred years have humans really began to evolve very fast in terms of knowledge and technology.
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I think the advancements of the past few hundred years have more to do with the accumulation of knowledge than with actual evolution.
 
Bad^Hat said:
I think the advancements of the past few hundred years have more to do with the accumulation of knowledge than with actual evolution.
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Very much this. Technological advance =/ evolution.
 
In terms of Earth's clock, havent we been around for a few minutes or something? That always blows my mind.
 
oh yeah? but where is the missing link beetwen that and the monkeys??!
 
Dynasty said:
In terms of Earth's clock, havent we been around for a few minutes or something? That always blows my mind.
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Err, define earth's clock? How long is one minute in this clock's time?

How can we make an accurate clock when we have nothing to measure it with?

We only know the beginning of the earth, we don't know the end of it.

Whereas with a real clock, we base it around the beginning of a day and the end of it.
 
Gargantou said:
Err, define earth's clock? How long is one minute in this clock's time?

How can we make an accurate clock when we have nothing to measure it with?

We only know the beginning of the earth, we don't know the end of it.

Whereas with a real clock, we base it around the beginning of a day and the end of it.
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I'm guessing he's saying if you take how long the Earth has been here and how long we've been here, then compare it to a 24 hour clock then maybe thats it?
 
So the full 24 hour lap on that clock is the Earth's current lifetime(at that exact moment) and what time it is, is how long we've existed on the Earth?

Can't seem to find anyone who uses such an Earth clock or has set one up for scientific purposes or teaching purposes or whatever.
 
Gargantou said:
So the full 24 hour lap on that clock is the Earth's current lifetime(at that exact moment) and what time it is, is how long we've existed on the Earth?

Can't seem to find anyone who uses such an Earth clock or has set one up for scientific purposes or teaching purposes or whatever.
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I've seen the clock around.

It compares the 4.5 billions years of "Earth" and says that humans have only existed for the last few seconds or something. It's used to give kids a sense of geological time.
 
Robbo said:
I've seen the clock around.

It compares the 4.5 billions years of "Earth" and says that humans have only existed for the last few seconds or something. It's used to give kids a sense of geological time.
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Yep, I've seen it used on History/Discovery channel documentaries on geology/earth.
 
*raises arms up slowly and waits for the bows and applause*

I dont see how they can KNOW it was made by man-made tools, ie a sharp rock. Fall much? Hell the animal couldve rubbed itself against a sharp tree.

The fact that we can even date things seems impossible.
 
AKIRA said:
Seems like evolution was extremely slow for the last 3.something million years. Only in the last few hundred years have humans really began to evolve very fast in terms of knowledge and technology.

Physically however, we haven't changed all that much in the last few thousand years.
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Exponential trends tend to do that :p

Also, do people really not understand why people these days tend to be so much taller than a few hundred years ago? We probably take on 2-3x the amount of calories. You can't grow that much when you have nothing to eat.
 
VirusType2 said:
I am curious about really old historical buildings that have doorways built for hobbits - like 5 feet tall. What's the story on that? That was only like two hundred fifty years ago.
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Hohoho, you Americans have no history.
 
Dynasty said:
*raises arms up slowly and waits for the bows and applause*

I dont see how they can KNOW it was made by man-made tools, ie a sharp rock. Fall much? Hell the animal couldve rubbed itself against a sharp tree.

The fact that we can even date things seems impossible.
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so sharp it left marks on its ribs?
 
I know. But it made you laugh, so Im gifted. In a special way. Special for sure. Im not crazy, my mother had me tested.

I just find it hard to believe someone leaned over their shoulder and went ''well thats clearly be done by a sharp rock.''

And yes, I was exaggerating with the whole tree thing.
 
"I don't know the scientific method behind these claims, but they seem impossible to me so they probably are!"

****in' carbon dating. HOW IT WERK
 
Dynasty said:
I just find it hard to believe someone leaned over their shoulder and went ''well thats clearly be done by a sharp rock.''
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Didn't they use an electron microscope to analyse the pattern of the marks and referenced it with other marks that are known to have been made with stone tools......
I'm fairly sure you're not allowed to be a scientist if you just make shit up.
 
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