Sedako
Chuck Steak
- Joined
- May 18, 2004
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Not to sound disrespectful to those who do smoke, but if I ever come across anyone who does, I tend to avoid them as I cannot stand the nasty smell. It's not exactly pleasant to have to walk behind several smokers on my way to class in the morning. I've also had smokers unconsciously exhale in my general direction as I've walked past them, and that irritates me to no end.
THC: I hope you'll understand that the adversities of smoking have been represented in a quite numerous amount of scientifically accepted books and journals.
This article compares the mortality rates of non-smokers vs smokers for a closed focus group of 34,439 British individuals from 1951-1991. The findings were not unlike what is commonly believed. The mortality rate of smokers was substantially higher than that of non-smokers for each age group.
While this may be a fact, the article you linked fails to mention the factors that may account for this discrepancy in lung cancer cases. I've located the journal that this statistic may have been pulled from, and I would like to direct your attention to the discussion portion of said journal:
I've edited out the citations for easier reading, but the source has all the necessary references if you are curious. The fact of the matter is, when alluding to a comparison between two completely different demographic regions, stating a single result doesn't mean that it is 100% conclusive.
THC: I hope you'll understand that the adversities of smoking have been represented in a quite numerous amount of scientifically accepted books and journals.
This article compares the mortality rates of non-smokers vs smokers for a closed focus group of 34,439 British individuals from 1951-1991. The findings were not unlike what is commonly believed. The mortality rate of smokers was substantially higher than that of non-smokers for each age group.
The Japanese smoke twice as much as Americans and yet have half the number of lung cancers per 100,000 people.
While this may be a fact, the article you linked fails to mention the factors that may account for this discrepancy in lung cancer cases. I've located the journal that this statistic may have been pulled from, and I would like to direct your attention to the discussion portion of said journal:
There are several possible explanations for higher smoking-related risks in the United States than in Japan, beginning with the observation that mainstream smoke from American cigarettes may contain higher concentrations of toxic and carcinogenic compounds than that of Japanese cigarettes. Measurements made in our laboratories have found that the leading brands of United States cigarettes deliver 35% more benzo(a)pyrene and 170% more NNK than do the leading Japanese brands when measured in mainstream smoke under standardized experimental conditions (i.e., the United States Federal Trade Commission machine-smoking protocol; Ref. 35 ) despite similar deliveries of nicotine. This marked difference in delivery of two major classes of lung carcinogens is probably partly attributable to differences in the tobacco blends used in the manufacture of American and Japanese cigarettes and partly to the much wider use of charcoal filters in Japanese cigarettes. Samples of American blended tobacco contain 2.6 times the concentration of NNK and 1.4 times the concentration of nitrate as do samples of Japanese blended tobacco. Furthermore, for the past two decades, more than two-thirds of cigarettes purchased in Japan have had charcoal filters, compared with <1% of cigarettes purchased in the United States. Charcoal filter tips selectively remove certain gaseous/volatile compounds (e.g., hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein) in mainstream smoke that are known inhibitors of lung clearance; charcoal filters also have a tendency to selectively retain benzene and toluene. Doses of carcinogens "presented" to Japanese and American smokers may also differ because of differences in smoking topography (inhalation, puff volume, and so forth). We have found that American smokers of low- and medium-yield cigarettes (<=1.2 mg nicotine) inhale more than twice as much nicotine, "tar," and NNK as predicted by the United States Federal Trade Commission protocol; such measurements have yet to be made for Japanese smokers.
Both genetic and lifestyle factors may modify smoking-related lung cancer risk. A higher prevalence has been reported in Japanese of genetic polymorphisms in some P450 enzymes that catalyze activation of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as those found in cigarette smoke. Tyndale et al. recently found the prevalence of the (protective) *2 and *4 null alleles of CYP2A6 to be 21.2% in Japanese compared with 2.6% in Caucasians; this enzyme is one of several that metabolically activate N-alkylnitrosamines such as NNK. Polymorphisms such as these may be associated with as much as a 2-fold risk of lung cancer in both white and Japanese populations, but many other factors may also be needed to explain the 10-fold differential in relative risk observed by us. Marmot and Smith have pointed out that Japanese in general have a longer life expectancy than people in England, and possible explanations for the lower mortality in Japan could be the effects of different aspects of Japanese lifestyle. Wynder et al. have suggested previously that differences in diet, particularly dietary fat, may also contribute to the differences in lung cancer rates. Gao et al. using data obtained earlier from a Nagoya hospital population, reported a protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on risk of lung cancer. Ohno et al. also reported a protective effect of tea consumption against lung cancer in residents of Okinawa. All of these factors may be considered as candidate effect modifiers of smoking-related lung cancer risks in future studies.
I've edited out the citations for easier reading, but the source has all the necessary references if you are curious. The fact of the matter is, when alluding to a comparison between two completely different demographic regions, stating a single result doesn't mean that it is 100% conclusive.